The Istituto by le Opere di Religione (IOR) (German Institut for the religious works), better than Vatikanbank, is a bank admits in the possession of the Vatikan. It is not however the state bank 9 of the Vatikan.

History

With papal constitution from 11 February 1887 Pope arranged Leo XIII. the education of the Amministrazione depression Opere di Religione, thus the administration of the religious works on. It was a reaction to smashing the church state 1870. The AOR was first no more than a kind collecting and administration office for the papal remainder ability and the compensations, which the recent Italian republic had granted to the holy chair for the loss of the state territory of the church state. Besides the Pope received an annual Apanage, which represented a fortune for the time at that time from the Italian state to the signing of the 1929. All this wanted Leo XIII. central administered know. The AOR was however no bank and stepped also not as such in feature. To 1942 besides only few inaugurating knew at all from the existence of this administration, which was subordinated directly to the Pope.

Pope Pius XII. designated on 27 July 1942 the AOR in IOR over and finally made Institut on 24 January 1944 a genuine, independent bank. The term Vatikanbank became however only very many later common, because also of the existence of the IOR first only inaugurating knew. Background for Pius' decision were for the time at that time the enormous payments in cash of the Italian state, which were paid in connection with the In addition Mussolini had created particularly the state getting State of IRI existing this very day. Pius XII., because of its long stay as Nuntius in Germany only "„German Pope did not receive the pointed name to which "“, but also in its behavior as typically German, thus above all ordnungsliebend applied, wanted to know this fortune accordingly properly put on and regarded it as a kind nest egg. The first director of the IOR, Bernardino Nogara, emerged as a financial genius and increased the origin ability of the IOR considerably. However its plant decisions brought later Popes into some explanation emergencies. So companies, which were in the possession of the IOR, were in which armament of Italy for the Ethiopia campaign involved. It was particularly embarrassing for the avowed opponent of the contraceptive pill, Pope Paul VI., to be familiar became that the Vatikan was owner of the largest Italian manufacturer for contraceptive pills. Besides the gold treasure of the IOR developed with the years to a proper unproductive block at the leg of the Vatikan.

Pius XII. installed its nephews Giulio, Carlo and Marcantonio Pacelli as so mentioned "„uomini di fiducia "“, as "„men of the confidence "“in the IOR, which meant nothing else as the installation of trustees. Made from their powerful uncle to princes, "“, the three princes in various supervisory boards of enterprise the interests of the IOR, and thus also the Pope noticed "„the Prinicipi Pacelli.

The Banco Ambrosiano scandal

End of the 1970er years became for the first time admits that the bank was complicated into obscure business and was washed in more than one case over it drug money. To a scandal the affair expanded however only at the beginning of the 1980er years, when the Banco Ambrosiano, one of the Italian banking houses most meaning at that time came, into the roll. Its boss, Roberto Calvi, was found on 17 June 1982 below the Blackfriars Bridge in London. The speech, with which Calvi wanted to escape allegedly the dishonor over the bankruptcy of its bank, was official nevertheless gaped approximately 1.3 billion US Dollar a large hole in the balances of the Banco Ambrosiano, the result of dubious credits at mail box firms among other things in Panama from suicide.

In July 2003 the Italian public prosecutor's office explained in Rome that Roberto Calvi was murdered. On 18 April 2005 accusation became because of murder at Calvi against its ex business partner, Flavio Carboni, whose ex friend Pippo Calo and Ernesto Diotallevi raised Manuela Kleinzig, and against two presumed Mafiosi. The public prosecutor's office calls Calo the client for the murder. On 6 October 2005 the process began in Rome. In the meantime the accusation had been expanded also on the former driver and bodyguard Calvis, Silvano Vittor.

The suicide theory was from the outset improbable. Therefore Calvi, older, should have risen smaller, untersetzter man of 120 Kilos body weight on 17 June 1982 in the evening in the stick-dark over a narrow, glitschige ladder the Blackfriars Bridge down there, then over a narrow course along balanced and a high stand have down-climbed. At the end it, scarcely over the water level of the Themse, a cord around the neck to put would have had itself, which it at the stand to fasten would before have had, in order to be able to be slid then in the water, and all this with heavy stones in the bags, which one found in its suit, apart from a quantity of notes.

The Italian law assumes that in the meantime that Calvi proper to look one placed, as warning for imitators. As background the attempt Calvis is seen, the IOR, to extort above all however the Pope. Calvi had arranged a letter at Pope Johannes Paul II. 10 days later Calvi was dead. The IOR should save its bank, as thanks for its faithful services of many years for the holy chair. Calvi had completed many bent business for the IOR. In particular the Banco Ambrosiano was complicated in financial speculations of the IOR. Above all however ran over the Banco Ambrosiano the secret financing of the Solidarnosc movement in Poland. It is assumed that Calvi was brought to the silence, so that he did not out-chat among other things evenly straight this fact.

Paul Marcinkus

Linked with this scandal the name of the director/conductor at that time of the IOR, archbishop Paul Casimir Marcinkus is close. Not only connections to the underworld in its hometown, but also to the Italian mafia were after-said to this. Marcinkus did not have any economiceconomics or bank-technical pre or training, had however brilliant an organizational ability and a large ability of getting through. Within the Roman Kurie Marcinkus was considered as brutally, inconsiderately, obscure and dangerous. It spread a climate of the fear around itself and the IOR.

The collapse of the Banco Ambrosiano and the determinations around this bankruptcy, death Roberto Calvis and Johannes Pauls I. developed approximately to a real threat not only for the IOR, but for the Reputation of the Vatikan absolutely. Pope Johannes Paul II. gave all authority to Marcinkus to bring the IOR from the headlines. In a spectacular transaction the IOR transferred a three-figure million-sum at creditors of the Banco Ambrosiano, was signatory it nevertheless "„patronage letters so mentioned "“of the IOR, by Paul Marcinkus, who had led to the inability to pay of the Banco Ambrosiano.

For many observers incomprehensibly Marcinkus was not removed however from its office. Only as 1987 determinations of the Italian law so urgent that the arrest of Marcinkus was approaching by the Italian law, Marcinkus was relieved by the post of the IOR president. In the favour of Johannes Paul II. did not fall the clever financial juggler thereby however. Marcinkus became to confound instead pro president of the cardinal commission in such a way specified, that is responsible for the administration of the state of the Vatikanstadt, not with the holy chair. Johannes Paul II. arranged finally in March 1989 the IOR completely again. Among other things a supervisory board was installed. At the 1. March 1990 was then finally terminated "„the era Marcinkus "“in the IOR with the appointment by Giovanni Bodio, former general manager "„of the Mediocredito Lombardo "“, to the new director of the IOR finally. Into the definite retirement Paul Marcinkus went by the way only on 30 October 1990. It returned to its hometown Chicago, before which access of the Italian authorities also further by the diplomatic immunity protected, which the status granted it as a citizen of the state of the Vatikanstadt up to its death 2006.

Line of the IOR

(Conditions June 2005):

Supervisory board

• Professor Angelo Caloia (president)
• Virgil C. Dechant (vice-president)
• Dr. Theodor E. Pietzcker
• Professor fishing rod Asiain
• Dr. Robert Studer

Central management

• Commendatore Lelio Scaletti (general manager)
• Dr. Mario Trippanera (vice-general manager)
• Dr. Alessandro Lombardi (assisting vice-general manager)
• Antonio Chiminello (manager)

Examiners

• Professor Avvocato Francesco Benatti
• Dr. Mark Martinelli
• Dr. Rodolfo Molinuevo

See also

• Licio Gelli
• Propaganda Due
• Michele Sindona

Related links

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