Jacques Necker (* 30 September 1732 in Geneva, Switzerland; "† 9 April 1804 in Coppet) was a Swiss banker and Minister of Finance under Ludwig XVI.

Life

Beginnings

Neckers father originated from in Brandenburg. After the publication of some writings over international right it was destined and citizens of the Republic of Geneva become as the professor for public right to the University of Geneva. Jacques Necker was sent 1747 as an employee of the bank of M. Vernet, friend of its father, to Paris. Soon thereafter it created Geneva the famous bank Thellusson & Necker together with another. Thelluson supervised the branch in London, while Necker led the business in Paris. Both partners became very rich by loans to the Treasury and by speculations with grain. 1763 fell in love Necker with madame de the widow of a French officer. But during an attendance in Geneva it met Suzanne Curchod, the daughter of a minister close Lausanne (before with the historian the Edward Gibbon had been engaged), and brought it 1764 also to Paris. Necker transferred its love now to the girl from Switzerland and still married Suzanne before year end.

It encouraged its man to hit a public career. He became thus a counsel or director of the French east India commercial company. After it had proven its financial abilities in the management there, it defended it 1769 in a skillful paper against the attacks of Morellet. In the meantime madame Necker maintained the most important personalities of the political, financial and literary world of Paris; their Fridays were just as strongly frequented as the assembly of the madame Geoffrin and Tuesdays of the madame In the year 1773 Necker for a praise speech on Colbert won the price of the Fran§aise, and 1775 publish he its Essai sur la et le commerce grains, in which he attacked the free trade policy of Turgot.

Minister of Finance under Ludwig XVI.

Its wife believed now, he could as larger finances to on which he delivered his portion of the bank to its brother Louis. In October 1776 it became of Ludwig XVI. appointed Ministers of Finance Frankreichs, first only with the title of a director of the vault, and starting from 1777 as a general manager of finances. It tried to direct finances again into regulated courses, by distributing the waist (Kopfsteuer) evenly, which d'industrie abolished, and monts furnished de.

Its most important financial measure was however the attempt to finance the French debt arising as well as the introduction of annuities under endorsement by the state. The application of the financing measures was too difficult, in order within short time to be accomplished, and Necker referred to only the guidelines which can be obeyed, instead of completing the procedure. In all these things it treated French finances more as a banker than competent political economist. At Turgot, he handed the most famous economist of its time not near. Politically he did not do much, in order to turn the initiating revolution away, and its establishment of province meetings was only a use of Turgots sophisticated plan for the reorganisation of the administration of France. The torture, which was used as legal means, was nevertheless abolished by it 1780.

In the year 1781 Necker published its famous Compte rendu, a report over the finances of the state. Thereupon it became from its office to dismiss; its joggle is however less to its report than being attributed the influence of Marie Antoinette, whose plans in favor of the duke of Guines it had defeated.

For the second time Ministers of Finance up to the French revolution

In the retirement busy it itself with literature and with his only child, 1766 a born daughter, who married 1786 Ambassador Schwedens and madame de became. Necker interfered however further into the French affairs, and 1787 he was banished because of its attack on its successor Calonne by means of lettre de cachet from Paris. 1788 came the country under the influence of madame Neckers literary circle finally to the faith that Necker was an only Minister, who can stop the deficit. Neckers reappointment was required, and in September 1788 he became again a general manager of finances.

During the significant following months Necker became part of the history of the French revolution. It terminated the revolt in by legalisierte the there meeting, and prepared then the summoning of the general conditions. While the first months of the yearly 1789 as the rescuers of France one regarded; but its behavior when first meeting the general conditions showed that it regarded it excluding as a meeting, the money grants, not reforms to organize was. Since however the summoning of the general conditions and the double number of voices of the third conditions had come on its recommendation, and there it it certified had that the conditions were allowed to advise and co-ordinate together, it by the yard as trip of the revolution was constituted. On 11 July was instructed to him to leave France immediately.

In the French revolution and thereafter

Its dismissal contributed much to the storm on the Bastille, whereupon the king recalled it again. In each city, which he through-traveled, it was accepted with joy, but in Paris it proved again that he was not a statesman. Since it believed to be able to save France alone it refused co-operating with Mirabeau or La Fayette. It caused the king in September to accept the dilatory veto by which it lost its main privilege; and it destroyed each possibility of a strong executive, by developing the decree from 7 November, after which the Ministers by the meeting be selected could not.

Relating to financial policy it turned out in the crisis period as just as unable, and it could not understand the necessity such extreme measures like the expenditure of the Assignaten, in order to bring the country to the peace. Its popularity shrank, when its only remaining idea was to ask the meeting for new credits. In September 1790 it withdrew from its office, without it regretted any Frenchman. Not without difficulties it reached Coppet close Geneva, a property, which it had bought to 1784. Here it concerned itself with literature, but madame Necker longed itself for their Paris salon and died 1794. It lived further in Coppet, under the Obhut his daughter, madame de and his niece, madame Necker de Saussure; but its time was past, and its books did not have political influence more. A temporary excitement was caused by the raid of the French armies 1798, when it burned most of its political papers. It died 1804 in Coppet.

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